1- Characteristics of Sultan Qalawun and his personality
Not without a source of historical sources that dated the Mamluk era in general, and the era of the Mamluks Bahri and the state of Bani Qalawun in particular, of praising Sultan King Al-Mansur Qalawun and described him with the best qualities, and the most wonderful qualities In light of this, these historians interpreted the survival of the rule in his house for a long time because Allah honored him in his descendants Balhasani Ali good deeds, and historians unanimously described Sultan Qalawun with the best and purest qualities Fabeibars Al-Dawadar said about him that (he was dreamy, chaste in bloodshed, frugal in punishment, hater harm) and Ibn Fadl Allah Omari described it as a man majestic brave, but Ibn Aybak Dawadari has described him as a king venerable beautiful great ether merciful dream compassionate compassion not Asofa, full good manners, abundant perfection, wonderful beauty, good prestige in the traveler, full stature, great important, Melih face, apparent color, abundant prestige, great matter, many charity, said Abu Al-Feda (when the Sultan took King Mansour, set up a beacon of justice, and the best policy of the king, and the management of the kingdom the best), In light of these good feelings, we can explain the fact that the government in Beit Qalawun remained for a long time, No sooner had Qalawun ascended the throne until he took closer to people with good deeds, as some historians had taken his love to collect money, the money collected by Qalawun used in the establishment of many vital facilities that immortalized his name, the most famous of which is the school and Bimaristan, which are institutions that have not been preceded by anyone in the past or new, east or west, except for the castles that he renewed in the Levant and the wars he carried out against the Crusaders and the Tatars, which exhausted huge funds.
2- The conditions of the internal Egypt during the reign of Sultan Qalawun
The conditions of the internal Egypt during the reign of Sultan Qalawun The internal conditions of Egypt in his era were good and prosperous evidence of recovery, which included various patterns of religious, scientific, urban, social and economic life, and it is enough that his reign was free of economic crises resulting from the emergence of epidemics and plagues or the cessation of the increase of the Nile and the subsequent solutions of attraction and annihilation He also invalidated many grievances for his desire to reduce the burdens on the shoulders of his subjects and his relationship with the dhimmis. The dhimmis were a huge minority of great importance in Egyptian society during the Mamluk era until their fate Some Western travelers who visited Egypt at that time with twenty thousand from Cairo alone, half of them Copts and the other half of the Jews, and it is worth noting that there are many factors available to make the people of the crisis subjected to some violent persecution during this era, especially in times of distress, turmoil and strife, and otherwise many contemporary writings testify that they enjoyed in the Mamluk era all the rights and privileges enjoyed by their Muslim brothers, as for his policy with the dhimmis, it was characterized by With intensity and strength, even if it is not without softness and lighten the burdens on their shoulders sometimes, There are also functions that were introduced in the era of Sultan Qalawun, including:
- The function of the army's consideration: The subject of which is to consider the matter of fiefdoms, what comes out of them and what enters them, and to liberate their parts.
- The function of the treasurer: The subject is to absorb what comes out of the house of money and what enters it and what is spent in the affairs of the Kingdom and what comes from the Levant countries and others, and it was a great and venerable job.
- The function of Bayt Al-Mal Agency: It was also a great job and is followed only by those with outstanding justice.
- The function of looking at stables: and its subject is to talk about the honorable stable, horse blackberries, camel climates, and the like.
- The function of looking at the writing of the Mamluks: and its subject is the knowledge of the names of the soldiers and their genealogy at the time of presentation of the travels and when separating the jawamek, expenses and the like.
And the scientific activity in his reign, the Sultan Qalawun stopped his school (Mansouria School) to teach jurisprudence on the four schools of thought and was taking over these lessons for the jurists considered and appointed for each doctrine a teacher for him and allocated him a salary every month estimated at two hundred dirhams and three repeaters each of them seventy-five dirhams and fifty students for all of them in each month seven hundred and fifty dirhams, and adds Al-Nuwairi on that that Qalawun arranged his school Imam Shafi'i doctrine him in each month eighty dirhams and arranged by the leader to read The book of Allah Almighty and allocated him every month a salary estimated at forty dirhams.