About King Khufu : The life and Great Pyramid
King Khufu, who is considered the second in the series of kings of the Fourth Dynasty in ancient Egypt, King Khufu was born inside his father's palace in Dahshur, south of the Giza pyramids, King Sneferu built two pyramids in this area, the red and the curve, which became part of the magnificent architectural landscape of ancient Egypt, and if the pyramid of King Khufu was not present in our minds, King Sneferu's pyramid was one of the greatest monuments in Egypt, King Khufu built the famous Great Pyramid of Giza, also known as the "Cheops Pyramid", this was the largest of its kind in the world at that period and until now He was called "Khufu's sister", and its structure was part of his great heritage, King Khufu belonged to the village of "Menat Khufu", which is now known as the town of Bani Hassan, he led many expeditions to the Cave Valley to obtain turquoise, where his name and an image representing him were found and he had a statue. According to the Turin Papyrus, King Khufu ruled for about 23 years, during his reign, he built the Pyramid of Giza, which amazed the world with its size and splendor, and King Khufu was nicknamed "Golden Horus", and as a symbol he carried falcon birds on the gold sign.
Thanks to his choice of the location of Giza, this area continued to be the new capital of Egypt, a place associated with the royal tombs and the famous Pyramid of Cheops, which showed his understanding of geology and the optimal structure of the surrounding plateau. Some of them said that he led the country to all kinds of misery, and some of them said that he was a genius, fair and benevolent ruler and a symbol of technical mastery and engineering due to his great pyramid, whose secrets and secrets are still with us until our time, and we will know in this research the answers to all these questions.
The system of administration during his reign
It is clear that most, if not all, of Khufu's sons took the title of minister during their father's lifetime, and we know two of his contemporary ministers, "Ham Euno" was the first and most important advisor to the king, who was buried in tomb G4000 in the Western Cemetery, and this important man was the son of King Sneferu's minister called Nefer This important man was the son of King Sneferu's minister, Nefer Maat I, who may have been a nephew or cousin of King Khufu, while "Ankh Ha F", who was King Sneferu's son by a second wife, was buried in tomb G7510, which is one of the largest terraces in the Western Tomb and it seems difficult to determine when these people lived and which of them served under Khufu as a minister.
Without looking at any personality who served as a minister during the reign of Khufu, it seems that this position is very important, and it is the one who follows the king directly in following up all the work, where the central administrative work and supervision of all regions, and the minister is followed by many administrative layers, and unlike what we see from the administrative systems today, especially in Western countries in terms of specialization, ancient Egyptian employees were doing many jobs in various aspects at the same time.
As for the army, it is considered one of the most important branches of the Egyptian administration since ancient times, as it is responsible for protecting foreign missions, securing the mine roads from which the raw materials needed to build the pyramid are brought and maintaining the Egyptian borders, and was organized on a tribal system with units coming from all countries, while the units stationed in the capital were under the command of a royal officer.
As for taxes during the reign of King Khufu, they were collected from all parts of the country, including the capital, and were deposited in the royal treasury, which was divided into two branches, the treasury of Upper Egypt and another for Lower, and both treasuries were under the supervision of one person who is responsible for all records.
About the life of King Khufu
Khufu, the well-known pharaoh of Egypt and the owner of the Great Pyramid of Giza, the Greeks called him Cubes and also Sophis, and he is the second king of the fourth dynasty of the era of pyramid builders and ruled Egypt in 2600 BC, and his reign lasted about 23 years and there are discoveries that indicate that he ruled for 32 years, and he is the son of Pharaoh Sneferu. The owner of the two pyramids of Dahshur and the founder of the fourth dynasty "the beginning of the era of the pyramids." He is the first pharaoh to send a naval fleet to Phoenicia (now Lebanon) to bring cedar wood for use in boats, furniture and wooden coffins, and the remains of this wood are still inside the pyramid of Sneferu until now, and his mother is Queen (Htab - She is a prominent figure in the history of the Fourth Dynasty and even in the history of Egyptian women in general, as she is the daughter of King Huni, the last king of the Third Dynasty, and it is worth noting that his mother has a unique story in her time, as she was buried in her own tomb in the Dahshur archaeological area where her husband's two pyramids, but there are hidden reasons that prompted her son, King Khufu, to move her body Her son, King Khufu, moved her body, her belongings and the contents of her tomb from Dahshur to Giza to rebury her again in a well 30 meters below the surface of the earth for fear of tomb robbers, and her tomb was found on the eastern side of Khufu's pyramid, and the funerary furniture and the contents of the tomb were found in the same place. After announcing the death of King Sneferu, the news moved with lightning speed throughout the country, and the burial ceremony supervised by the then young prince "Khufu" began, and King Sneferu was buried in the curved pyramid, and Khufu began preparing after he buried his father to become king of Upper and Lower Egypt, that is, on the tribal face and the sea face, and his name became Khnum Khufui, and this name means affiliated with the god Khnum and this god was the creator god in their belief and chose the Giza plateau to be the seat of the royal palace and obtained new titles that only kings get. Including that he became the victorious Horus and will become in front of the people his body of gold and his hair of lapis lazuli and will also become the link between the people and the god Ra, the official god of the country at the time and represented by the sun disk, and he also became thinking about the rituals that took place until he became king of Egypt, he wore the white crown that indicates that he is the king of the south and the red crown that indicates that he is the king of the north, and also the two-sided crown, which indicates that he is the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, and all this will make Egypt under one banner and the seat of government and the capital "ancient Menaf".
Great Pyramid: Pyramid of Cheops
This pyramid is not only the greatest of its kind built by the Egyptians, but it is also characterized by that miraculous perfection in its engineering, precision in its planning and the beauty of its proportions, and it is no surprise that it was and remains the most important of the seven wonders of the world. This pyramid has aroused the interest of people since ancient times and it is likely that looters reached inside and stole its contents when the ancient state fell during that period in which weakness and unrest prevailed, which is what we call the era of the proto-period. Perhaps that is why the Roman historian Diodorus told his story that the Egyptians hated the builders of the pyramids so much that they looted the great tombs and smashed the mummies of the kings.
No monument in Egypt has received as many drawings, measurements and examinations as the Great Pyramid, even before the time when theories that its angles and dimensions have hidden meanings began, Edmond François Gomar - one of Napoleon's scholars - Colonel Howard Vess, J.S. Bering in 1837-1838 and others. The first comprehensive study of this monument was carried out by Sir Flinders Petrie, who spent a large part of two seasons (80-1882) in this work, and his published results remained recognized on this subject until 1925, when some of them were replaced by the results of a more recent study in which J. H. Cole of the Egyptian Surveyorate was used. J. H. Cole of the Egyptian Surveyorate (3) used accurate surveying machines of modern types, which proved that the original dimensions of the four sides at the base are as follows: North 755.43 feet, South 756.08 feet, East 755.88 feet, and West 755.77 feet. While no two sides agree in length, the difference between the longest and shortest is only 7.9 inches, and the direction of each side of the pyramid is almost exactly on the true north, south, east, and west lines.
It is worth noting that we have learned from the inscriptions found in the pyramids that the process of placing the top of the pyramid or what we call the harem is an important occasion for which a celebration is held all over Egypt, and with the completion of that process and before the removal of the slopes, it seems that the pyramid engineers have kept one of the slopes on one side of the pyramid, which is most likely the north, in order to help place the harem and this harem was covered in the royal workshops with gold to be lit by the sun, it is also likely that King Khufu incorporated his dam festival - the feast of the dam which is the feast in which the gods present the work that the king must do, such as building his tomb and temples to worship him as a god with his worship of Hathor, Horus and Ra, and his expulsion of Egypt's enemies out and doing what is important to support the wealth and stability of the country with the completion of the construction of his pyramid.