About the emergence and formation of Sultan Al-Mansur Qalawun
Sultan Al-Malik Al-Mansur Saif al-Din Qalawun Alfi, who is the eighth of the Mamluk sultans and the fourth of the great Mamluks, he established architecture and cultivated civilization, and participated in confronting the Crusaders, and resulted in his relations with the Islam of many Mongol nations, and founded schools and mosques and built canals and bridges, and historians told us that he was born in 619 AH / 1222 AD, and like the Mamluks in general, we do not know anything about his childhood nor about his upbringing in his original homeland in the northern Black Sea or the Caucasus, where the Kipsak Turks lived, and as we know from historians, he He became owned in the year 637 AH / 1240 AD or so, that is, at the age of eighteen, and accordingly, it is most likely that he fell prisoner in one of the battles as a young man and then was banished by the slaves, where he was offered for sale in the territory of the Ayyubid Kingdom, and the one who bought it had paid a thousand gold dinars for him, so he was known since then as the "millennial man", and it was said that he was handsome and it happened that one of his sons, the righteous king, died in dysentery, and the heart of Qalawun was cut off on his son, so he ordered Members of his court with mourning, so that no one of them changes his clothes and does not shorten the hair of his head until Qalawun allows them to do so, It is worth mentioning that the biography of Qalawun is hardly distinguished from the biography of many Mamluk princes in general and those who rose to the throne in particular, because it is known that the history of the early stages of the lives of these princes has been filled with ambiguity and ambiguity, as conflicting narratives historians and varied their statements about their origin and their first upbringing, and perhaps this is due to the fact that these historians have relied on oral narratives that are subject to change and change from time to time, but once they move from one section to another, and in light of So we do not wait for a consensus on one narrator about the emergence of Qalawun in various historical sources, although most of these sources have agreed on one thing, which is that Qalawun Turk sex and was born in the tribe known as Burj Aghli in the country of the Cavjak or Kabjak in the south of Russia and did not mention in the sources the date of his birth, and all that was mentioned about this first stage of his life is that he was brought to Egypt small, after the Mongols seized his country in 640 AH 1242 AD.
His accession to the throne of the Mamluk Sultanate
Sultan Qalawun assumed the throne of the Mamluk Sultanate in 1279 AD, and was exposed in the early days of his rule to the same kind of obstacles that other Mamluk sultans were subjected to, and these obstacles are intended for the exit of some senior princes on the new Sultan because they are familiar with subservience to one of them or because they believe that they are more worthy than him in the Sultanate, from that Prince Shams al-Din Sanqr deputy of the Levant refused to recognize Al-Mansur Qalawun Sultan in 1280 AD, and declared himself ruler of the Levant and was called King Kamel and was invited to him in the Umayyad Mosque, and about Details of his accession to the throne in 1279 AD, Qalawun quickly rose to the rank of the emirate after moving to the righteous king Najm al-Din Ayyub, and contributed to the establishment of the Mamluk state next to his friend Baybars, he left for the Levant with the Bahri Mamluks after the death of Aktay and the rise of the influence of Izz al-Din Aybak and returned to Egypt with Al-Zahir Baybars to participate in the Mongol war, and showed his position in the Sultanate of Al-Zahir Baybars, where he was one of the most powerful princes as Sultan Al-Zahir Baybars relied on him greatly in all his works, whether Peaceful or belligeric.
When Sultan Baibars felt the increasing influence of Prince Qalawun and the greatness of his status, he feared that this would threaten his future projects regarding the preservation of the position of the Sultanate after him for his son, King Al-Saeed, so he resorted to a strong trick, thinking that it guarantees the survival of the throne after him for his sons, which is that he is the husband of his son, King Al-Saeed Baraka from Ghathia Khatun, daughter of Prince Qalawun 674 AH / 1275 AD, and thus Baibars thought that Qalawun would not covet the king's grab from his son-in-law, and after a great disagreement between King Al-Saeed and many Of the princes went to Egypt and settled in the castle and did not go on his stay there only a few until surrounded by the soldiers led by Prince Saif al-Din Qalawun, and cut off the water and when the siege of the soldiers of the castle intensified Sultan sent Said to the princes offers them his descent to them from the Levant, but they fathered and determined to depose himself from the Sultanate, he asked Prince Saif al-Din Qalawun and Prince Badr al-Din Bisri to give him Karak, they answered him to that, and the Mamluks sat his brother Badr al-Din Salamash Ali When King Saeed left for Karak, the senior princes offered the Sultanate to Prince Saif al-Din Qalawun, who refrained from accepting it and said: "I did not depose the happy king to the Sultanate and out of concern for the Kingdom,But in order to preserve the system and nose of the armies of Islam to advance them smaller, and the first not to come out of the offspring of the king apparent, "It is worth noting that Prince Qalawun did not refrain from accepting a desire to keep it for the offspring of his friend Baibars or respect for the principle of inheriting the throne, but he saw that the majority of the army was from the virtual any supporters of apparent Baybars feared the revolution against him, and that most of the country was managed by princes loyal to the family of Baybars, so he refrained from accepting power only after The exclusion of these princes from state positions and princes loyal to him favored this opinion, so they agreed to assume Prince Badr al-Din Salamash bin Baibars Sultanate of Egypt at the age of seven years and appointed Prince Qalawun Atabka him, and when the just king Salamash Sultanate was imitated, Egypt Atabek Qalawun asked the princes to swear an oath of obedience to him and hit the rail in its two names, so it was inscribed on one of its sides: The name of the just king and on the other side / the name of Qalawun, as he addressed them on the pulpits, and Prince Qalawun took advantage of the young age of the fair king Salamash and arrested the reins of the country, and took care of the Sultanate of Egypt, Some of the virtual princes were imprisoned and ordered the arrest of Izz al-Din Aydmar, deputy of the Levant and Ain Shams al-Din al-Ashqar instead, and when he got rid of his opponents, he also took advantage of the weakness of the happy king and his disagreement with his princes, and he exiled him and his brothers Najm al-Din Khidr and the just king Salamash to the Levant, and thus he had described his weather and was able to establish from his home a family of wisdom Egypt nearly a century! Qalawun sat on Takht al-Malik in the month of Rajab 678 AH / 1279 AD, and swore to him princes and lords of the state and nicknamed King Al-Mansur, it was natural for Sultan Qalawun to work to strengthen his power by assigning major positions to his colleagues, so he appointed some of them in major positions such as the Sultanate's prosecution, and blessed others with the obsolescence of thousands and so on, as well as Sultan Qalawun raised the value of his antiques and obligated him and became governors and military commanders and deputies in the kingdoms, and Sultan Qalawun was not satisfied with that, but carried out the largest campaign against We will acknowledge the blond who went out and refused to recognize the deposition of King Al-Adel Salamash and the assumption of Qalawun Sultanate of Egypt and then submitted to the blond and asked for safety in 686 AH, / 1287 AD, By writing to the Mongol Ilkhan Abgha ibn Hulagu urging him to conquer the Levant and also wrote with him Prince Isa ibn Muhanna in the same way, thus condemning the Levant to Sultan Qalawun.